Table 8.11 Medicaid Recipients for the State of Texas and Council of Government Regions in Texas by Race/Ethnicity in 2000 and Projections to 2040 Assuming Alternative Projection Scenarios ______________________________________________________________________ Year Anglo Black Hispanic Other Total ______________________________________________________________________ State of Texas All Scenarios 2000 508,077 428,061 925,836 24,963 1,886,937 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 528,543 443,891 1,112,937 23,985 2,109,356 2020 547,072 459,415 1,273,122 34,035 2,313,644 2030 569,479 471,061 1,472,226 47,892 2,560,658 2040 577,972 469,022 1,659,325 60,080 2,766,399 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 537,204 464,397 1,217,178 28,383 2,247,162 2020 566,101 504,206 1,554,877 48,744 2,673,928 2030 599,619 541,751 1,976,265 83,098 3,200,733 2040 619,064 564,710 2,467,220 127,387 3,778,381 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 546,054 485,930 1,333,515 33,572 2,399,071 2020 585,850 553,460 1,907,489 69,686 3,116,485 2030 631,453 623,279 2,676,028 143,793 4,074,553 2040 663,170 680,220 3,706,383 269,256 5,319,029 Panhandle Regional Planning Commission All Scenarios 2000 17,299 4,260 13,523 372 35,454 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 14,534 3,384 16,880 321 35,119 2020 14,590 3,571 19,712 471 38,345 2030 14,660 3,674 22,596 635 41,564 2040 14,682 3,681 25,046 747 44,155 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 14,518 3,478 18,153 345 36,494 2020 14,506 3,752 22,848 553 41,660 2030 14,471 3,953 28,105 836 47,365 2040 14,207 4,048 33,532 1,109 52,895 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 14,381 3,621 19,654 381 38,037 2020 14,038 4,030 26,861 694 45,622 2030 13,494 4,353 35,557 1,148 54,552 2040 12,424 4,531 45,377 1,690 64,021 South Plains Association of Governments All Scenarios 2000 12,728 7,803 25,891 126 46,548 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 12,587 5,160 24,815 206 42,768 2020 12,388 5,224 27,779 288 45,679 2030 12,237 5,203 30,557 376 48,373 2040 12,280 5,094 32,683 448 50,505 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 12,422 5,285 25,808 222 43,737 2020 12,008 5,469 30,066 340 47,883 2030 11,460 5,546 34,136 490 51,632 2040 10,961 5,520 37,609 666 54,756 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 12,165 5,475 26,662 249 44,551 2020 11,309 5,859 31,925 424 49,517 2030 10,073 6,028 36,612 649 53,362 2040 8,681 5,979 40,198 926 55,785 NORTEX Regional Planning Commission All Scenarios 2000 12,826 3,862 3,020 187 19,895 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 10,318 3,286 4,568 201 18,373 2020 10,246 3,441 5,322 277 19,286 2030 10,178 3,535 6,076 370 20,159 2040 10,136 3,601 6,666 424 20,827 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 10,329 3,372 4,983 218 18,901 2020 10,254 3,615 6,336 325 20,530 2030 10,073 3,772 7,817 492 22,155 2040 9,758 3,885 9,325 674 23,642 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 10,251 3,453 5,581 245 19,530 2020 9,985 3,799 7,866 422 22,072 2030 9,379 4,025 10,530 685 24,620 2040 8,359 4,118 13,454 1,034 26,966 North Central Texas Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 91,361 104,803 64,039 7,168 267,371 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 128,808 126,372 114,905 7,520 377,606 2020 138,287 132,696 137,192 10,577 418,753 2030 150,697 138,368 175,698 15,450 480,214 2040 156,706 138,773 218,668 20,553 534,700 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 131,138 135,300 136,482 9,047 411,966 2020 143,274 152,013 195,429 15,718 506,434 2030 159,667 169,235 289,565 28,176 646,644 2040 172,327 181,451 418,574 46,142 818,494 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 134,234 144,517 161,938 10,769 451,458 2020 150,387 173,610 278,032 22,869 624,898 2030 172,461 206,643 478,527 50,213 907,843 2040 194,582 237,934 802,159 101,691 1,336,365 Ark-Tex Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 16,571 12,810 1,534 122 31,037 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 12,293 10,049 2,580 132 25,054 2020 12,112 10,116 3,172 199 25,599 2030 11,939 9,921 3,856 277 25,994 2040 11,656 9,597 4,466 315 26,034 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 12,368 10,221 2,802 133 25,525 2020 12,259 10,415 3,737 203 26,615 2030 12,052 10,367 4,912 288 27,618 2040 11,513 10,116 6,124 324 28,076 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 12,338 10,442 3,139 141 26,060 2020 12,081 10,801 4,613 231 27,726 2030 11,414 10,753 6,627 370 29,163 2040 10,072 10,350 8,883 474 29,780 East Texas Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 35,332 26,924 6,277 220 68,753 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 32,085 24,237 10,198 311 66,831 2020 31,945 24,057 12,227 478 68,707 2030 31,453 23,594 14,687 683 70,417 2040 30,788 23,032 16,919 779 71,518 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 33,329 24,894 12,147 325 70,693 2020 34,710 25,308 17,752 522 78,292 2030 35,588 25,421 25,755 812 87,576 2040 35,403 25,220 35,812 1,019 97,455 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 34,416 25,559 14,588 366 74,929 2020 37,021 26,539 26,073 695 90,329 2030 38,482 27,002 45,593 1,252 112,328 2040 37,228 26,452 75,029 1,805 140,515 West Central Texas Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 22,029 3,624 10,654 149 36,456 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 14,520 3,233 11,560 175 29,488 2020 14,190 3,362 13,263 260 31,074 2030 13,805 3,435 14,639 349 32,227 2040 13,715 3,499 15,700 407 33,320 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 14,534 3,343 12,046 187 30,110 2020 14,230 3,611 14,356 295 32,493 2030 13,704 3,782 16,398 423 34,307 2040 13,215 3,942 18,231 550 35,939 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 14,433 3,501 12,714 203 30,851 2020 13,872 3,908 15,800 355 33,934 2030 12,774 4,197 18,505 551 36,027 2040 11,289 4,382 20,831 799 37,300 Rio Grande Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 12,000 2,283 101,355 348 115,986 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 7,023 2,959 109,421 452 119,854 2020 7,125 3,138 124,851 604 135,717 2030 7,203 3,300 139,663 782 150,949 2040 7,128 3,303 152,406 890 163,726 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 6,366 2,944 113,564 508 123,381 2020 5,811 3,108 137,564 784 147,266 2030 5,228 3,222 160,231 1,154 169,834 2040 4,535 3,173 182,080 1,505 191,293 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 5,696 2,887 117,681 583 126,846 2020 4,584 2,968 149,632 994 158,179 2030 3,568 2,957 178,083 1,594 186,202 2040 2,605 2,751 204,739 2,290 212,386 Permian Basin Regional Planning Commission All Scenarios 2000 13,028 4,724 24,286 160 42,198 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 11,859 3,794 29,125 193 44,970 2020 12,123 3,875 33,593 297 49,888 2030 12,047 3,906 37,742 416 54,111 2040 12,086 3,893 41,392 462 57,834 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 11,439 3,824 30,345 196 45,804 2020 11,162 3,906 36,668 309 52,046 2030 10,523 3,950 42,847 448 57,768 2040 9,860 3,912 48,829 502 63,103 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 10,809 3,883 31,384 218 46,294 2020 9,781 4,010 39,141 387 53,319 2030 8,355 4,030 46,645 649 59,680 2040 6,887 3,885 53,685 865 65,323 Concho Valley Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 7,078 1,146 7,463 70 15,757 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 5,375 971 8,875 88 15,309 2020 5,345 988 10,067 130 16,530 2030 5,242 1,007 11,087 177 17,513 2040 5,178 1,014 11,890 209 18,291 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 5,366 987 9,315 90 15,758 2020 5,295 1,017 11,098 139 17,549 2030 5,080 1,042 12,699 190 19,010 2040 4,814 1,044 14,185 226 20,270 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 5,351 1,030 9,814 103 16,297 2020 5,208 1,085 12,199 188 18,681 2030 4,788 1,139 14,391 300 20,618 2040 4,169 1,159 16,379 428 22,135 Heart of Texas Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 13,596 13,288 5,871 91 32,846 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 12,526 10,569 9,478 153 32,726 2020 12,236 10,476 10,708 228 33,649 2030 11,991 10,224 12,030 293 34,537 2040 11,834 9,934 13,121 337 35,226 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 12,719 10,900 10,892 166 34,677 2020 12,677 11,136 14,392 278 38,483 2030 12,488 11,177 18,459 410 42,533 2040 12,143 11,091 23,129 567 46,929 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 12,820 11,245 12,582 188 36,835 2020 12,774 11,753 19,407 366 44,300 2030 12,211 11,921 28,225 592 52,949 2040 11,083 11,782 39,610 922 63,397 Capital Area Planning Council All Scenarios 2000 22,847 16,547 26,873 963 67,230 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 31,962 18,470 54,564 1,391 106,387 2020 34,778 19,004 61,103 1,965 116,850 2030 38,626 19,702 70,971 2,884 132,183 2040 41,582 19,772 80,885 4,039 146,278 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 35,121 19,990 63,406 1,663 120,180 2020 42,270 22,303 84,576 2,925 152,075 2030 51,728 24,999 114,579 5,428 196,734 2040 61,531 27,226 153,185 9,669 251,611 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 38,778 21,712 73,768 1,995 136,253 2020 51,936 26,570 117,195 4,343 200,045 2030 70,351 32,767 186,492 10,078 299,689 2040 92,261 39,496 293,223 22,336 447,317 Brazos Valley Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 7,024 10,192 3,791 99 21,106 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 8,372 8,147 6,528 228 23,276 2020 8,531 8,301 7,468 312 24,611 2030 8,697 8,268 8,567 421 25,953 2040 8,848 8,248 9,471 528 27,095 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 8,822 8,370 7,157 240 24,589 2020 9,595 8,768 9,066 348 27,776 2030 10,301 8,915 11,338 516 31,070 2040 10,804 9,072 13,715 748 34,339 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 9,259 8,707 7,913 251 26,130 2020 10,565 9,366 11,168 414 31,514 2030 11,556 9,794 15,154 660 37,165 2040 11,804 9,967 19,799 1,025 42,596 Deep East Texas Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 22,066 15,579 3,279 168 41,092 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 16,376 12,972 4,866 189 34,404 2020 16,220 12,910 5,822 256 35,208 2030 15,782 12,376 6,902 329 35,389 2040 15,216 11,857 7,736 372 35,180 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 17,141 13,270 5,507 192 36,111 2020 17,933 13,463 7,519 266 39,182 2030 18,359 13,182 10,164 348 42,054 2040 18,253 12,798 13,062 388 44,501 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 17,849 13,684 6,363 209 38,105 2020 19,527 14,178 10,041 325 44,071 2030 20,560 14,108 15,458 529 50,655 2040 20,208 13,624 22,247 736 56,815 South East Texas Regional Planning Commission All Scenarios 2000 15,216 23,134 2,053 1,496 41,899 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 13,535 19,782 4,025 417 37,759 2020 13,482 20,167 4,583 559 38,790 2030 13,457 20,100 5,345 769 39,672 2040 13,285 19,697 5,910 943 39,835 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 13,333 20,408 4,924 481 39,146 2020 13,041 21,480 6,975 741 42,237 2030 12,692 22,008 9,920 1,206 45,826 2040 12,077 22,022 13,334 1,749 49,182 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 13,018 20,934 6,033 560 40,545 2020 12,254 22,512 10,691 995 46,452 2030 11,246 23,273 18,441 1,876 54,837 2040 9,828 23,135 29,655 3,166 65,784 Houston-Galveston Area Council All Scenarios 2000 73,572 140,591 106,415 10,852 331,430 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 104,212 151,065 209,316 9,246 473,839 2020 111,251 156,950 237,676 13,184 519,060 2030 118,896 161,841 285,564 18,239 584,541 2040 120,962 161,120 330,835 22,154 635,070 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 104,201 156,186 238,352 11,236 509,974 2020 110,590 168,933 317,817 19,795 617,136 2030 117,360 181,073 425,447 33,544 757,424 2040 118,767 187,084 556,078 49,724 911,652 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 104,417 161,168 271,768 13,467 550,820 2020 110,275 181,019 426,192 28,850 746,336 2030 116,578 201,370 635,415 59,184 1,012,547 2040 118,116 215,974 922,624 105,979 1,362,693 Golden Crescent Regional Planning Commission All Scenarios 2000 6,603 3,414 10,549 119 20,685 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 6,155 2,619 12,161 88 21,023 2020 6,142 2,700 13,835 141 22,817 2030 6,020 2,703 15,450 211 24,383 2040 5,906 2,643 16,756 248 25,553 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 6,195 2,681 12,796 91 21,763 2020 6,190 2,791 15,398 146 24,525 2030 6,062 2,802 18,038 224 27,126 2040 5,821 2,748 20,533 263 29,364 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 6,168 2,808 13,534 98 22,608 2020 6,033 3,001 17,157 172 26,362 2030 5,682 3,102 20,737 336 29,856 2040 5,037 3,038 24,110 536 32,720 Alamo Area Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 40,912 18,650 129,373 920 189,855 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 42,091 20,317 163,588 1,287 227,283 2020 42,078 20,829 179,571 1,804 244,283 2030 42,558 21,053 195,913 2,449 261,974 2040 42,080 20,656 206,576 2,927 272,239 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 43,544 21,687 173,449 1,517 240,197 2020 45,344 23,635 203,582 2,506 275,068 2030 47,662 25,303 234,804 4,029 311,797 2040 48,422 26,037 260,995 5,859 341,312 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 45,174 23,113 183,501 1,781 253,569 2020 49,188 26,598 227,934 3,518 307,239 2030 54,306 29,789 274,231 6,730 365,056 2040 57,336 31,535 314,898 11,996 415,764 South Texas Development Council All Scenarios 2000 4,289 44 60,904 36 65,273 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 607 57 54,267 58 54,990 2020 597 68 63,813 103 64,581 2030 611 86 74,000 157 74,853 2040 612 99 84,208 195 85,115 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 627 57 57,417 59 58,161 2020 625 67 73,341 108 74,141 2030 643 84 90,721 169 91,617 2040 640 96 110,144 216 111,096 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 656 57 60,592 65 61,370 2020 663 67 83,021 127 83,878 2030 670 83 107,523 247 108,522 2040 631 88 135,251 394 136,364 Coastal Bend Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 17,916 4,352 61,370 420 84,058 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 11,750 3,698 56,533 375 72,356 2020 11,897 3,743 62,058 545 78,243 2030 11,888 3,744 66,848 723 83,204 2040 11,760 3,635 69,848 833 86,077 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 11,793 3,834 59,999 409 76,034 2020 11,991 3,986 70,414 672 87,063 2030 11,920 4,091 80,322 1,042 97,375 2040 11,607 4,069 88,756 1,392 105,824 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 11,758 4,014 63,451 476 79,697 2020 11,813 4,370 78,880 915 95,978 2030 11,407 4,646 93,766 1,694 111,514 2040 10,501 4,772 106,815 2,719 124,807 Lower Rio Grande Valley Development Council All Scenarios 2000 17,243 414 218,838 180 236,675 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 7,395 452 168,999 262 177,108 2020 7,212 515 198,767 380 206,875 2030 6,661 558 228,956 542 236,717 2040 6,241 558 259,120 649 266,569 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 7,316 458 179,917 292 187,983 2020 7,120 524 230,540 495 238,679 2030 6,669 552 286,560 852 294,634 2040 6,170 538 348,309 1,259 356,275 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 7,179 484 191,104 343 199,109 2020 6,930 569 263,153 710 271,362 2030 6,416 652 346,808 1,390 355,266 2040 5,454 661 441,105 2,343 449,563 Texoma Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 9,717 2,073 1,094 126 13,010 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 8,853 2,023 1,922 139 12,937 2020 8,822 2,095 2,315 194 13,427 2030 8,729 2,131 2,772 255 13,887 2040 8,581 2,114 3,175 300 14,170 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 9,125 2,057 2,205 148 13,536 2020 9,403 2,152 3,042 222 14,819 2030 9,553 2,182 4,175 316 16,227 2040 9,488 2,149 5,531 423 17,591 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 9,352 2,155 2,550 168 14,224 2020 9,781 2,338 4,075 298 16,492 2030 9,846 2,424 6,356 475 19,101 2040 9,334 2,386 9,444 711 21,875 Central Texas Council of Governments All Scenarios 2000 12,217 7,350 4,902 310 24,779 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 13,616 10,084 8,396 485 32,581 2020 13,804 10,982 9,416 701 34,903 2030 14,464 12,097 10,797 982 38,340 2040 15,136 12,971 11,983 1,163 41,253 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 13,733 10,654 9,401 553 34,341 2020 14,094 12,545 11,894 958 39,490 2030 14,673 14,867 15,092 1,580 46,212 2040 15,176 17,239 18,760 2,247 53,423 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 13,810 11,266 10,589 644 36,309 2020 14,137 14,270 15,156 1,289 44,852 2030 14,223 17,937 21,269 2,438 55,867 2040 13,886 21,925 29,157 4,170 69,137 Middle Rio Grande Development Council All Scenarios 2000 4,607 194 32,482 261 37,544 Assuming Rates of Zero Net Migration (0.0 Scenario) 2010 1,687 196 25,367 62 27,313 2020 1,666 210 28,811 88 30,775 2030 1,635 230 31,512 123 33,500 2040 1,579 228 33,863 163 35,834 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to One-Half of 1990-2000 (0.5 Scenario) 2010 1,717 197 26,114 64 28,093 2020 1,713 210 30,460 89 32,472 2030 1,671 230 34,185 127 36,213 2040 1,581 227 37,386 165 39,359 Assuming Rates of Net Migration Equal to 1990-2000 (1.0 Scenario) 2010 1,738 210 26,616 69 28,633 2020 1,718 243 31,279 102 33,342 2030 1,609 290 35,083 152 37,133 2040 1,398 304 37,713 222 39,637 ___________________________________ Sources: Derived by the authors from Texas Population Estimates and Projections Program, Projections of the Population of Texas and Counties in Texas by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity for 2000-2040, 2001. Texas Department of Human Services, Monthly Client Files for 1999, 2000, and 2001, [machine readable data files], 1999-2001b. ______________________________________________________________________